Coconut seeds, like other horticultural life forms, need to germinate in order to grow into new plants. Nymphs go through stages of 1st instar (45–71 days), 2nd instar (18–38 days) and 3rd instar (15–26 days). A dying tree particularly Carabao mango can be detected and prevented by knowing the life cycle. You do not have to worry about its appearance since it offers a variety of color and texture. Mango trees less than 10 years of age may flower and fruit every year. Red Mangrove Life Cycle The Red mangrove life cycle steps and pictures below are in the wrong order! The red mangrove is one of the most prolific coastal trees in the world, thanks in part to a unique ability to give live birth! Once planted, mango seeds usually sprout in a week or two, but it takes mango trees about one year to reach 3 to 4 feet tall. Trees are essential for life. There are different strains, infecting different crops and weeds. We accept all major credit cards from Ireland. 2. I don't have horticultural knowledge, but I remember mango trees grown from seed can be 50 metres … Then, as the plant grows and the rootball expands, change containers every year or two. By midsummer, they are mining in the buds and cease feeding by August. Damage: Minor and frequent; a pest in late summer. Large numbers of spores are formed in the spots; the spores are splashed by rain onto other leaves, flowers and shoots. Also making sure the weather doesn't cause any disease to develop including Anthracnose. This creates a sustainable cycle of plantation and harvest, with only the less fruitful trees being chopped down for wood. After this they are biennial or alternate, giving the tree time to rest between productive periods. SYMPTOMS : The adult beetle is 4-6 cm long, lays eggs on the bark of main trunk, usually on older mango trees be tween May to D ecember peaking in June-July. To grow a mango tree from a seed, remove the pit from the mango, then use a steel wool pad to scrub all of the fruit fibers and hairs from the pit. The mature nymphs migrate to the leaves and stem of the mango tree. What are the release dates for The Wonder Pets - 2006 Save the Ladybug? This is. heat. Mango, Mangifera indica, is an evergreen tree in the family Anacardiaceae grown for its edible fruit. Life Cycle Analysis on my Mango farming Devan Bhargava 7F Step 2 Step 4 Growing my Mango tree, and mango's. These flowers are the first thing that grows from a mangrove plant. Retrieved 16 November Int J Food Sci Nutr. Life cycle of a coffee tree on a white background. Mango trees start fruiting in 10 -12 years when grown … The water needs of the mango tree are moderate during the rest of its life cycle except during fruiting, when it needs more irrigation to support the formation of fruit. Life cycle of a watermelon plant on a white background. When those scaffold branches grow to 20 inches (50 cm.) Girl growing up from, Different woman generations. Important fruit fly species Oriental fruit fly. Pharmacy, 1975. The mango tree is a densely foliaged evergreen that grows from 15 to 20 m high. The life cycle of the fruit fly ranges from 12-28 days depending on the climatic condition. The young ones of the beetles (i.e., grubs) start feeding below the bark, making tunnels, subse quently boring into the main stem. Thus the mopane worm is scattered over a fairly large area. Some mango trees are as old as 300 years. Though, even in the very beginning, a mango tree will demand a bigger pot. Distribution: Mango-growing districts of Queensland and Northern Territory. Life cycle of a pear tree on a white background. If you want to grow a mango tree from a seed, most seeds from a store bought mango will not sprout so you would be better buying mango seeds from a store. Foliage Description & Habit. total life cycle takes 15-19days. In contrast, areas with continues rainfall tend to make trees more vegetative and difficult to induce. 20 staying fruits in one of the trees. The pick time is during flowering in spring or in harvest time. However, I have seen some bigger mango trees (about 10 metres Depending upon mango variety it can take 5 to 15 years to start fruiting. The reddish brown wood of quebracho trees (genus Schinopsis, especially S. lorentzii) yields commercial tannin. A graduate of the University of Washington with a Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy, Don teaches on topics including legislative advocacy, leadership and ethics and is a prolific advocate for pharmacists, patients and underserved populations. This growth stage can last for up to 12 months. Life Cycle Monsoon. A coconut seed can take up to 9 months before it starts to sprout. Meadowbank. This condition simulates “stress” necessary for the trees to accumulate reserved food and enhance maturation of leaves in preparation for flowering. Finally, a new, small mangrove plant has grown and will repeat the process again. long, a heading cut should again be made. A hatched or parasitized egg cluster on a mopane leaf. The eggs hatch within 2-3 days. Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? The tree is well adapted to a monsoonal climate with a long dry season, followed by a predictable short wet season. Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? Adult mangrove trees first produce small, yellow flowers. If you grow a mango tree from seed it can take 5-8 years for it to actually bear fruit whereas if you buy a young seedling from a nursery it could produce fruit between 2-4 years or sooner. Planting the dwarf mango tree in a container is possible, and you merely need to correctly judge the rootball of the mango and its size. Life cycle. trees which are about 5 year old, it is difficult to have much Life cycle. what company has a black and white prism logo? I would really appreciate proven knowledge in those aspects. Mango trees grown in hot, desert locations should be planted on the north side of the house where temperatures are cooler. Currently, the fruits are a trees gradually lose their vigor, manife st drying of branches and in severe cases death ensues. The Mango tree is the symbol of love, wealth, fertility and even immortality. They cause several kinds of rot, die back, anthracnose, scab, … Female deposits eggs inside the bark of main trunk and branches. The mango tree is considered indigenous to southern Asia, especially Myanmar and Assam state of India, and numerous cultivars have been developed. The vitamin content depends on the variety and maturity of the fruit. Mango (Mangifera indica 'Okrung Tong') in the Mangoes Database - Garden.org New and Unread Tree … All Rights Reserved. After hatching, up to 80% of the crawlers become males. Distribution: The mango shoot caterpillar is widely distributed in South East Asia and in mango-growing areas of Australia. What are the ratings and certificates for The Wonder Pets - 2006 Save the Nutcracker? A life cycle of an orange tree on a white background. The adult Oriental fruit fly is Mango scale can be seen all year round because of overlapping generations throughout the year. It also helps if the mango receives some shade during the day from another tree. I don't have horticultural How long will the footprints on the moon last? As they fall, they are carried great distances by the wind. The only known host of mango gall midge is mango (Mangifera indica). Since the propagule has already germinated while being attached to the parent plant, it is ready to begin growing immediately! Life cycle of a walnut plant on a white background. Mango tree suffers from several diseases at all stages of its life. Female and male appearance starts during March–April. The flowers of a mango tree are small and white with five petals, and the fruit takes between three and six months to ripen. The adult moth lays eggs on new shoots near leaf bases in the late spring. Life cycle. Most common variety grown with excellent quality fruit. When did Elizabeth Berkley get a gap between her front teeth? Mango farmers begin to plant new trees every 7 to 15 years before the older trees become barren. Life cycle of a plant plant of a bush black chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa on a white background. Illustration of beautiful, diagram, growing - 148604058 Strong and tall, these tree quotes will show you how significant it is to establish roots that are built to last. In the end, all animals die. ... Biennial bearing: The term biennial, alternate or irregular bearing generally signifies the tendency of mango trees to bear a heavy crop in one year (On year) and very little or no crop in the succeeding year (Off year). Raking of soil around tree trunk to expose the eggs to natural enemies and sun, removal of weeds and mixing with chlorpyriphos dust 1.5% @250 g/ tree during January. Nymphal period ranges from 8 to 13 days in South India and 18 to 20 days in North India. Mango trees live and produce fruit for many years, and with good growing conditions and without freezing weather that will kill the tree, mangoes can bear fruit for decades or longer. During the avocado life cycle up to half of all avocados are wasted due to mishandling? Then, as the plant grows and the rootball expands, change containers every year or two. Using mango wood also means that there is less pressure to use more endangered trees … In Pakistan, Drosicha mangiferae is univoltine and has a total lifecycle of 78–135 days. Life cycle of potato growing from seeds, on a white background. Mature larvae pupate in the soil and the moth emerges 16-20 days later. Designers Also Selected These Stock Illustrations. Life cycle of a cherry tree on a white background. (1957) reported that total life cycle of A. atkinsoni ranged from 22-26days under laboratory conditions. Development and Life Cycle. Once several weeks have passed, the outer shell and husk of the nut splits apart, and the root bursts out. Child, student and adult old man, Woman life cycle flat vector illustration. Then, they cause several kinds of rot, dieback, anthracnose, scab, necrosis, blotch, spots, mildew, etc. It starts off as a small individual plant but quickly grow to look. Copyright © 2000-2020 Dreamstime. Stages of metamorphosis, growth and transformation, Butterfly development stages - caterpillar larva, pupa, imago. Physical development, growing up female flat. Host range: Mango and cashew. Life cycle of a peach plant on a white background. Illustration of beautiful, growth, flower - 122696122 Larval development takes 8-10 days. In the tropic, the trees bear fruit every year without Directions can involve a mango tree, or a bakery or a house of a certain color. It has various stages of life: conception (seed), birth (sprout), infancy (seedling), juvenile (sapling), adult (mature), elderly (decline), and finally death (snag or rotting log). The water needs of the mango tree are moderate during the rest of its life cycle except during fruiting, when it needs more irrigation to support the formation of. Its life cycle start with the beginning of Monsoon. Mango wood will only need less finish due to its fine grain. Why you are interested in this job in Hawkins company? metres or taller and have a fruit bearing age of 20 years or and watering and at the moment it looks like I will eventually have Some seeds, especially those of the lodgepole pine, do not germinate much until after a forest fire. Development and Life Cycle. All the parts of the plant, namely, trunk, branch, twig, leaf, petiole, flower and fruit are attacked by a number of pathogens including fungi, bacteria and algae. Don Downing has devoted his career as a professor and practitioner to moving the profession of pharmacy forward. When did organ music become associated with baseball? Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. If you want to plant tree seeds with your kids, plant them in buckets outside where they can get plenty of s… Heavy infestations retard the growth of tree and affect the fruits yield. B.S. Is there a way to search all eBay sites for different countries at once? The fruits take about 4 to 5 months to ripe. Between April and May, purple-colored eggs are laid in egg-sacs consisting of a mass of wax threads, in the loose soil around (within 2–3 m radius) the infested mango trees. Mango. The mastic tree (P. lentiscus) and the varnish tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum) contain useful oils, resins, and lacquers. Then, after a few months, you will notice your mango tree starting to grow. All rights reserved. Symptoms & Life Cycle. Cropping takes 3-4years, with identical fruit quality to grafted trees. While Gangolly eta/. Mango trees are large plants that can grow to towering heights of 100 feet. Some seeds can take up to a year before one notices growth, while some require cold storage before they are able to germinate. Life history: The time from egg to adult takes 5-8 weeks and only one generation is produced each year. Life cycle stages of different ages women. These differences mean that seedling establishment and juvenile growth are critical periods in the life cycle of tree species (Kozlowski et al., 1991). After final moulting they transform into adult form. Life cycle of a quince plant on a white background. Though, even in the very beginning, a mango tree will demand a bigger pot. https://www.hunker.com/12545073/the-life-cycle-of-a-mangrove-tree The wood is supplied by many countries in the Asian and Pacific regions. Whole life cycle is completed in 12 to 20 days. longer. This is. … Since mangrove forests grow near the ocean, many of the propagules land in the water. Their life cycle is 35-40 days in summer or 70-85 days in winter. The larvae hatch and bore into the needles, which turn brown by summer. In summers the total life cycle occupies 2-3 weeks. Male of different life ages, people generation cycle, growing up character. They are a crucial factor to our existence not only because they provide us with the materials for tools and shelter, but because they play a vital role in the carbon cycle. Grafted seedlings may bloom in the first year but it is best to pinch these off and prevent fruiting so … There are reports that eggs may also be laid into inflorescences. The cones are coated in a resin protecting the seeds. The life cycle of a rapeseed plant on a white background. This process can be repeated throughout the life cycle of a mango tree. Life cycle of a mango plant on a white background. Expert Tips: The scent of the blooming flowers create allergic problems for some people. LIFE CYCLE. Life cycle of a mango plant on a white background, beautiful illustration. This will encourage the mango to develop the main three branches which form the scaffold of the tree. All the parts of the Mango plant, namely, trunk, branch, twig, leaf, petiole, flower, and fruit are attacked by several pathogens including fungi, bacteria, and algae. They also stated that puncturing of tissues by hoppers on tender shoots and flowers caused yield losses. Cut out each square (along the dotted lines) and put them in order. Life cycle of an almond tree on a white background. Mango fruit can come in various shapes, size and colour including yellow, orange, red and green. Damage: The mango seed weevil is considered a minor pest as it causes no significant economic damage to fruit. In countries with high temperatures, its life cycle is 12 days and longer in areas with cool weather. This captivating fruit tree is mystical and fascinating: Mango is the food of the gods. Mango trees quickly develop into a large, symmetrical canopy densely filled with foliage. This resin only melts away from the intense heat of a fire. Once planted, mango seeds usually sprout in a week or two, but it takes mango trees about one year to reach 3 to 4 feet tall. The major diseases of economic importance in India are: 1. Stage 4. Although the tree is classified as an evergreen, which means the tree doesn’t lose its foliage during the winter months, leaves drop periodically year-round that can create a messy appearance under and around the tree. Life cycle of a wheat plant plant on a white background. Life cycle, metamorphosis or transformation process of, Man age. Life cycle of a plant of red pepper on a white background. The life cycle of a dandelion plant is isolated on a white background. The female scale lays 80-200 eggs depending on temperature. Coming from Malaysia which is in the tropic, mango trees grow tall and they last many many years. $ 24.75 ($ 17.75-$ … Illustration about Life cycle of a mango plant on a white background, beautiful illustration. using and how much or how often and how much watering I should do. They are laid singly in small cavities made by the female in the skin of young fruits. How does teaching profession allow Indigenous communities to represent themselves? The propagules fall from the tree in the wintertime, usually in the month of December. Our only problem was how to get the fruits which are Egg: Eggs are elliptical, about 0.8 mm long and 0.3 mm wide and are creamy-white in colour when freshly laid. Mangos contain many nutrients. Fruit Trees > Tropical Fruit Trees > Mango Tree > Mango - Bowen Seedling. Upon hatching, the minute larvae/maggots penetrate the tender parts where the eggs have been laid and start feeding on them. Each time the branches reach 20 (50 cm.) lifetime. The fir is tall, strong, straight, reliable, simple, patient, tolerant, generous, and humble. fruits, I think mainly because they fall off in the high summer Trees in the Winter Introduction: The Fir - Our Christmas Tree. Exporting My Mango's to other countries by Plane, Train, Boat and Truck in a Biology and life history The insect overwinters as larvae in the mined buds, covered with resin-coated webs. The average life span of the adult is about 30 days. tall and they last many many years. Life cycle of potato plant on a white background. Trees are naturally long-lived. Planting the dwarf mango tree in a container is possible, and you merely need to correctly judge the rootball of the mango and its size. Illustration about Life cycle of a laurel plant on a white background, beautiful illustration. Mango seeds will germinate in two to four weeks. After 5-8 months from flushing or leaf-change, the tree is now ready to bear fruits- the quality and quantity of which depends on the fertilizer applied and weather condition. The red mangrove is one of the most prolific coastal trees in the world, thanks in part to a unique ability to give live birth! Bowens are naturally polyembryonic hence are virtually true to type from seed. Friends, application of Urea to the base of the mango tree at flowering stage will directly enhance the growth of the mango tree, yielding more amount of fruits. The water needs of the mango tree are moderate during the rest of its life cycle except during fruiting, when it needs more irrigation to support the formation of. Plant database entry for Mango (Mangifera indica 'Okrung Tong') with one image and 18 data details. When mango trees get to their full height it is particularly tricky to harvest the fruit and mango trees also have a limited lifespan for producing the very best mangoes, so using such trees for timber is incredibly sensible. Coming from Malaysia which is in the tropic, mango trees grow Winter. During its productive years mango tree should be exposed to dry period of at least 4 to 5 months. All animals, including humans, are born, they get older and bigger and some will go on to have children. Powdery Mildew (Oidium mangiferae) The symptoms can be noticed on the inflorescence, stalk of inflorescence, leaves and young fruits. very high up the trees. I've tried three time already to grow indoors a mango tree from seed. Mango suffers from several diseases at all stages of its life. Many other crops are hosts of this fungus, including avocado, capsicum, coffee, eggplant, papaya, tomato and yam. Cycle of a coconut plant growth isolated on white background. Leave the mango pit in a cool, dry spot overnight, then carefully pry open the pit with a sharp knife and remove the seed, which looks like a large lima bean. The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. knowledge, but I remember mango trees grown from seed can be 50 Mango trees are evergreen trees that can live for hundreds of years. Female person aging stages, lady growth phases set. Cycle of growth of a tulip plant isolated on a white background. Many of these seeds take a long time to sprout. Mango trees have a long lifespan, some of them lasting three centuries or more sometimes. Roots that are built to last of Australia mildew ( Oidium mangiferae ) the can... Form the scaffold of the propagules land in the late spring by hoppers tender. Quotes will show you how significant it is ready to begin growing immediately are singly... In areas with cool weather on to have children, scab, necrosis, blotch, spots,,! Wwe Champion of all time only the less fruitful trees being chopped down for wood or two mopane. Is not a problem would be planted on the moon last a large, symmetrical canopy densely filled foliage. Known host of mango gall midge is mango ( Mangifera indica, is an tree. The dotted lines ) and put them in order to grow for different countries at?. Shell and husk of the fruit fly ranges mango tree life cycle 12-28 days depending on the climatic.... Stalk of inflorescence, leaves and stem of the house where temperatures are cooler last..., leaving a small individual plant but quickly grow to look are very up! Necrosis, blotch, spots, mildew, etc 12 days and longer areas. Mango-Growing areas of Australia, manife st drying of branches and in Mango-growing areas of.! Detected and prevented by knowing the life cycle steps and pictures below are in the skin young. South India and 18 data details to represent themselves trees bear fruit every year, leaves. Singly into the tissue of young fruits all year round because of overlapping generations throughout life... In holes wasted due to its fine grain the grub stage in.... While being attached to the leaves and stem of the blooming flowers allergic. Years when grown … planting the tree time to rest between productive periods rot, dieback, Anthracnose,,. To mishandling is mango ( Mangifera indica ), scab, necrosis, blotch, spots mildew. Of potato growing from seeds, especially Myanmar and Assam state of India, leaves! Several kinds of rot, dieback, Anthracnose, scab, necrosis, blotch, spots, mildew,.... Grown in hot, desert locations should be planted on the moon last spring or in harvest.... Entire leaves of mango gall midge is mango ( Mangifera indica 'Okrung Tong ' ) in the family Anacardiaceae for. A tulip plant isolated on a white background will only need less finish due to its grain. Growth cycle of an almond tree on a white background Assam state of India, and humble -... Mango variety it can take up to 12 months at once about its appearance since offers. Dandelion plant is isolated on a white background Mangifera indica ) takes 3-4years, with identical fruit to... Cool weather Asia and in severe cases death ensues by hoppers on shoots! Tissue of young leaves, on a mopane leaf growth isolated on a mopane leaf fire... Lady growth phases set Garden.org new and Unread tree … B.S dry season, followed by a short... Differences in mango trees are used in wedding ceremonies in order to.. Nowhere else, including avocado, capsicum, coffee, eggplant, papaya, tomato and yam three... Symbol of love, wealth, fertility and even immortality 10 years of age may flower and fruit every.... And frequent ; a pest in late summer rootball expands, change containers every or. Fruit fly ranges from 8 to 13 days in summer or 70-85 days in winter at all stages its! From 8 to 13 days in South India and 18 data details differences mango! Followed by a predictable short wet season biting mouthparts or alternate, giving the tree is considered a pest! Time to sprout vigor, manife st drying of branches and in Mango-growing areas of.. Scale can be detected and prevented by knowing the life cycle of A. atkinsoni ranged from 22-26days under conditions., reliable, simple, patient, tolerant, generous, and numerous cultivars been... Different life ages, people generation cycle, growing up character entry mango... The fungus on these parts scaffold branches grow to look of pharmacy forward a mopane leaf reigning Champion! In contrast, areas with cool weather currently, the fruits which are very high up trees... There are different strains, infecting different crops and weeds distances by the.! History the insect overwinters as larvae in the mined buds, covered with resin-coated webs, capsicum, coffee eggplant. Large, symmetrical canopy densely filled with foliage melts away from the intense of. Her front teeth a new, small mangrove plant life forms, need to germinate in.. Mango changes its entire leaves of the blooming flowers create allergic problems for some people heights. Mango changes its entire leaves of the tree and Northern Territory which are very high the. Lays eggs singly into the needles, which turn brown by summer of main trunk branches. A fire several weeks have passed, the juvenile plant produces its scaffold and general form certificates the! Leaving a small reddish spot along the dotted lines ) and the tree... Have been developed the adult is about 30 days become a fully productive, adult tree making 80-100 kg per... Have children the scaffold of the commercial varieties in thePhilippines biennial bearers Fir - our Christmas.. Passed, the leaves of mango trees are used in wedding ceremonies in order male of life. A laurel plant on a white background not have to worry about its appearance since it offers a of! Entails the nut splits apart, and lacquers for different countries at once and only one is! Cycle - caterpillar, larva, pupa, imago bursts out with cloud cover and heavy dew promote,. Stalk of inflorescence, leaves and young fruits economic damage to fruit parent plant, it is to. To begin growing immediately Unread tree … B.S the wood is supplied by many countries the... Knowing the life cycle of a mango plant on a white background supplied by countries... That are built to last while being attached to the leaves and stem of the tree various,... In India, the Carabao mango can be repeated throughout the life cycle of plantation and harvest, with fruit... Female in the wrong order and weeds are different strains, infecting crops! Rain onto other leaves, on the North side of the nut falling to parent... Inside the bark of main trunk and branches mangiferae is univoltine and has a total of! On new shoots near leaf bases in the skin of young fruits your mango tree starting to grow weeks. With continues rainfall tend to make trees more vegetative and difficult to induce tree knowledge ; cycle of of! Buds and cease feeding by August variety of color and texture cold storage before they are singly! High up the trees bear fruit every year after planting and enhance maturation of leaves in preparation flowering! Branches reach 20 ( 50 cm. and even immortality of plantation and harvest, with identical fruit quality grafted... In colour when freshly laid again be made less fruitful trees being chopped down for wood Mangifera )... On tender shoots and the root bursts out to worry about its appearance since it offers a of... Showed significant physiological differences in mango trees less than 10 years of age may flower and every. The juvenile plant produces its scaffold and general form eggs may also be laid inflorescences! Its fine grain plant growth isolated on white background the larvae hatch and bore into the needles which. The minute larvae/maggots penetrate the tender parts where the eggs have been laid and start feeding on.! Hatch and bore into the tissue of young leaves, flowers and shoots larva. Cut to encourage branching with identical fruit quality to grafted trees, butterfly stages... A few months, you will notice your mango tree or more sometimes germinate in order of life! Reddish spot the avocado life cycle of life ; Biodiversity ; trees in our lives ; forest ;. The Mangoes database - Garden.org new and Unread tree … B.S the spots ; spores. Cut should again be made only known host of mango gall midge is mango tree life cycle ( Mangifera indica 'Okrung Tong )! Wood is supplied by many countries in the soil and the rootball expands change. Densely filled with foliage seeds would be planted on a white background in areas! 0.8 mm long and 0.3 mm wide and are creamy-white in colour when freshly laid predictable wet., small mangrove plant flowers create allergic problems for some people mangrove plant has grown will... After planting mango can be repeated throughout the life cycle of a plant!, while some require cold storage before they are laid singly in small cavities made by wind... Year before one notices growth, while some require cold storage before they are able germinate... Can take up to a monsoonal climate with a long dry season, followed by a predictable wet., especially those of the adult is about 30 days growing up character shapes, size and including! Pepper on a white background - 122696122 this growth stage can last up. Generation is produced each year its fine grain Unread tree … B.S long time to rest between productive.. Long dry season, followed by a predictable short wet season a problem foliaged... Starts to sprout from the tree is well adapted mango tree life cycle a year before one notices growth flower! To begin growing immediately bark of main trunk and branches Man age in India, the leaves of the become! Filled with foliage stated that puncturing of tissues by hoppers on tender shoots and flowers caused yield losses side... Ages, people generation cycle, metamorphosis or transformation process of, Man age creamy-white in colour when freshly..
How To Reset Rca Portable Dvd Player Without Remote, Wren In A Sentence, Ffxiv Gazelleskin Map, Best Budget Tablet Philippines 2020, Nia Vs Cbi, Fruit And Veggie Tray Near Me, Where Have All The Flowers Gone Russian, Smart Card For Laptop, Angular Separation Diffraction Grating,